Nation Building an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Nation Building by Expert Suzzane | 15 Dec 2016 The aspect of nation-building has been an important component of creating stable states in a liberal democratic environment. With this, there are several ways and methods that a particular state may use to enhance and develop its objectives. In the end, as states try to incorporate a particular method of nation building, there are positive outcomes and negative implications that need to be taken into consideration. It is through this that the process of determining a states own values, traditions and ideals are put into practiced and applied. Need essay sample on "Nation Building" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Seeing this, there are two models in which the paper shall look and consider. The first one revolves around the way Russia has created and developed nation building mechanisms. On the other hand, the other part of the paper looks at Turkish nation building strategies. In the end, there shall be an elaboration of its relevant strengths and weaknesses exhibited by both states. It is through these categories that both states shall be compared and contrasted. Students Frequently Tell EssayLab support: How much do I have to pay someone to make my assignment online? Our Propose: Custom Essays - Easy And Quickly With Essaylab.Com Essay Helper Online Cheap Custom Writing Service How to do an Assignment Buy College Papers Nation building Russia After the collapse and fall of the USSR in 1991, Russia became the dominant states that took over what was left behind by its predecessor. Though there have been man states that took the opportunity to secede and form their own governments, Russia still maintained control over half of what the USSR controlled during the Cold War. Contrary to its predecessor, Russian nation building is similar with the overall structure of USSR the practice of ethno federalism. What distinguishes the mechanism applied by Russia to USSR is the elements circumscribed the tenet of ethno federalism. Hale argues that the critical distinction between the USSR and Russia lies in the design of ethno federal institutions (p.56) It is through here that we see a USSR whose core ethnic region is concentrated on one state (Russia) which in turn remains to be problematic on the side of a particular federation. Hale mentions that core ethnic regions tend to promote state breakup because they facilitate dual sovereignty, exacerbate the security fears of minority-group regions, and promote the imagining of core-group identifications independent of the federation. (p.56) The collapse of the USSR became a catalyst for Russia to learn from its predecessor and apply an appropriate setup suitable for the region Ethno federalism. Hale mentions that ethno federalism, a federal political system in which component regions are intentionally associated with specific ethnic categories. (p.55) This process enables the state to maintain and promote democracy while at the same time protecting and safeguarding ethnic differences among different sub-states. However, contrary to the USSR, Russia applied ethno federalism without a core ethnic region. Hale points out that the Russian Federation lacks a core ethnic region; instead it consists of 32 minority ethnic regions (republics, autonomous districts, and autonomous regions) together with its 57 Russian-dominated oblasts. (p.61) This is why, the government continues to survive, grow and develop for years. Benefits The practice of ethno federalism by Russia has in turn created many positive outcomes for the country. The nation building mechanism employed and used by the state may have been an important component for not repeating the mistakes of the USSR. One important benefit of the ethno federal setup without the core ethnic region is that Russian leaders would find it difficult to control and maintain stability in regions that are ethnically perse. Hale argues that without Russias institutional pision of the core into many regions, Russias presidents would have found it much more difficult to employ accommodative tactics toward key minority regions and pide-and-conquer methods vis--vis oblasts so as to address potentially threatening minority-region security concerns. (p.62) Then there is the issue of creating a sense of community among members of the Russian occupied territories. The oblasts play an important part in the overall success of the Russian federation. Hale mentions that with a core ethnic religion in place of Russias 57 oblasts, Russia would have been much more likely to experience a challenge to the vision of territorial Russian identity. (p.62) Such action can lead to drastic effects in the way identification is made and categorized. Challenges One impediment in such mechanism is the capability of it to undermine the equal distribution of power among minorities. Such can lead to a scenario wherein one minority is dominant over the other. Hale further points out that one ethnic region can be considered clearly dominant in population if it contains at least 20 percent more than the unionwide population than the next largest region or makes up an outright majority of the countrys population. (p.64) Such can lead to the formation of core ethnic regions which would be problematic for Russia if it continues. Another problem of such setup is that there is a tendency to have challenges from secessionist states. Hale mentions that some ethno federal states without core ethnic regions have avoided state breakup but continue to experience isolated secessionist challenges. (p.65) Nation Building Turkey The idea of Turkish nation building revolves around the tenet of embracing and incorporating their ideals, culture and values without the consideration of minorities and their relevant practices. The Islamic framework of government seems to overshadow the real fundamentals of nation building. Van Bruinessen argues that the dominant view among Turkish policymakers has been, however, that it was possible for the non-Turkish ethnic groups to adopt Turkish culture and that forced assimilation was feasible. (p.4) This became the initial foundation of Turkeys secular government. However, there had been continued changes in the Turkish government as they begin to democratize and open up into the world. There have been efforts for the state to apply important components of a liberal nation building schemes. It eliminated the previous defunct system and began to progress forward. Ciddi et al. argues that against the background of gross economic mismanagement, political scandals of corruption and negligence of the 1990s, the 2002 general elections impressed upon any desiring government party a number of tangible objectives to address. (p.1) In addition, the process of liberalizing and democratizing the state has been a successful trait exhibited by Turkey. Ciddi et al. mentions that this process, dubbed as conservative democratic by Erdoan, defines democracy as an ideal to construct a pluralist interpretation of democracy which is not limited to a mechanical interpretation reduced to a few institutions and elections but one which is organic and has spread to all societal and political arenas (p.1) Positive Outcomes There are indeed important positive outcomes that the initiative of Turkey provided. First is that it slowly begins to recognize and balance domestic and international issues as far as respect of sovereignty is concerned. This specifically applies in the issue of Cyprus. Kymlicka mentions that liberal principles will also insist that any national group engaged in a project of national building must respect the right of other nations within its jurisdiction to protect and build their own national institutions (p.189) Another important positive outcome is the capability of the state to practice fair and just treatment of minorities in a particular area. Contrary to the original initiative of assimilation, with liberal tenets, nation building shall constitute better opportunities for minorities to actively voice out their concerns and welfare in the state. Kymlicka argues that liberal principles will preclude any attempts at ethnic cleansing, or stripping people of their citizenship, or the violation of human rights. (p.189) Implications One important and notable challenge for Turkey is creating a scenario and balancing tradition with modernity. Nation building on one hand entails a liberal approach in the establishment of reforms. However, practices among conservatives continue to apply. Social standards remain to be rooted in Islamic laws as well as traditions. This in turn leaves minorities in a state of confusion as the reality starts to manifest itself. Thus, minorities are still forced to abide to old standards though the process of liberalization has already been in place. Conclusion: Comparison and Contrast Seeing this, there are indeed different methods that a state can use to appropriate the proper nation building mechanism. One difference between the two states is the approach used by each one to promote nation-building. For Russia, it used an ethno federal approach while on the other hand; Turkey used the Western liberal method. This in turn creates different approaches and scenarios wherein nation building can be enhanced and developed. Also, there is an immediate concern with the facilitation of nation building among minorities. Since they are part of the overall union of the state, the question of assimilation or absorption remains to be an integral part of the nation building strategy. Thus, the process of nation building is indeed a complex one and it caters to different benefits and challenges depending on the method used or advocated by a particular state. Works Cited Ciddi, Sinan et. al. Religious and Cultural Perceptions of the Other: in Greek-Turkish Relations. n.d. accessed 29 April 2008 Hale, Henry E. The Makeup and Breakup of Ethno Federal States: Why Russia Survives Where the USSR Fell. 2005 3 no.1 accessed 29 April 29, 2008 pp. 55-70 Kymlicka, Will. Nation-building and minority rights: comparing West and East in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2000 26 no.2 accessed 29 April 2008 pp. 183-212 van Bruinessen, Martin. Race, culture, nation and identity politics in Turkey: some comments. 1997

Hugo Munsterberg essay part 2Essay Writing Service

Hugo Munsterberg essay part 2Essay Writing Service Hugo Munsterberg essay part 2 Hugo Munsterberg essay part 2Hugo Munsterberg essay part  1As we have previously mentioned, Munsterberg promoted the industrial psychology. The publication under the title â€Å"Psychology and the Market† (1909) can be regarded as the beginning of this activity. The article pointed out the areas of production in which psychology could be useful: vocational training, personnel management, etc.; the article also recommended to carry out intelligence tests, to assess the level of motivation of employees, and the impact of monotonous nature of the work on the results of work.Munsterberg had a number of serious researches in those universities where he worked as a consultant. The results were published in the book â€Å"Psychology and Industrial Efficiency† (1913). The book was so popular that entered the bestseller list. Munsterberg (1913) argued in the book that the best way to increase efficiency and productivity is to pick workers’ positions that match character and mental abilities of people who are working at them. Using the methods of psychological screening, such as intelligence tests and modeling of the production process, employers will be able to determine the knowledge, skills and abilities of prospective employees. Moreover, Munsterberg conducted various researches with people of different professions such as the ship’s captain, a tram driver, telephone operator and dealer, demonstrating how psychological screening techniques can improve the work’s productivity. As a result, Munsterberg outlined in â€Å"Basics of Psychotechnics† (1914) his views on the organization of vocational guidance and psychological services in the enterprise.Munsterberg was the first person who formulated the â€Å"principle of instrumentalism,† i.e. supposedly impartial attitude of psychologists to political and ethical aspects of their work. The researcher was more interested not in the political consequences of social conflic t in the enterprise, but in production results. For instance, he stated that in management, a lot of attention is paid to the problems associated with the effective use of materials and equipment, while mental state of mind is not taken into account in enough degree. Moreover, problems such as fatigue, monotony, demonstration of interest, education, enjoyment, and many such states associated with the psychological state of the individual were considered at unprofessional and low scientific level. As a result, the book â€Å"Psychology and Industrial Efficiency† became the answer to many of these problems.Munsterberg believed that industrial psychology and scientific management must unite their efforts, as they are based on the same principle: high working efficiency can not be achieved by excessive pressure on workers. Scientific methods of work organization must be combined with the satisfaction of spiritual needs; thus, people achieving high industrial efficiency would be a ble to achieve internal labor harmony. So, Munsterberg was one of the first advocates of psychology in industrial management; he highlighted the specific function of a psychologist because this specialist should be able to work in the place, where exists dissatisfaction of the workers in the absence of obvious deficiencies.To sum up, Hugo Munsterberg positively impacted on the development of many areas of psychology and his role was especially great in the development of such areas as career choices and professional selection. He was the first in a clear formulation of the two problems of professional suitability: 1) psychological analysis of the profession and detection of professionally important qualities; 2) psychological testing (psychodiagnostics), i.e., determining of the degree of severity of required professionally important qualities of the applicant with the appropriate tests. Munsterberg drew particular attention to the fact that not all people (especially young people) are able to adequately assess their abilities and make the right career choice. He developed a program of psychological study of professions, which included: gathering information from business leaders; it also included observations of psychologists (their role the scientist especially emphasized in the analysis of professions); experimental research, including a special study of the features of successful and unsuccessful activities of workers (method of â€Å"polar groups†). Moreover, Diamond (1974) stated that Munsterberg strongly emphasized the need for the establishment of special psychotechnical institutions and laboratories to put barrier to the spread of imaginary psychological means. He predicted that the industry will eventually take the initiative in bringing the work of professional psychologists by itself.In conclusion, we have explored the contribution of Hugo Munsterberg into psychology and closely related disciplines, and proved that Munsterberg was engaged in a variety of issues, which later became classics of psychology of labor. The term of â€Å"psychotechnics† Munsterberg understood as practical psychology that predicts the behavior of people and explores possibilities to influence this behavior in the public interest. The main shortcoming of psychotechnics was hidden in mechanistic understanding of activity as the ability to set properties, unchanging and unrelated. As we have stated, a set of short-term tests, which gave extremely incomplete information about some properties of the psyche, was used for the diagnosis of the human abilities. But even such fact cannot lessen the impact of Munsterberg on the development of psychology because this person opened new horizons for psychologists, showing people that it is always necessary to pay a huge attention to the sphere of human relations and introduction of knowledge into practice in real life situations.

Tibetan Silver

Tibetan Silver Tibetan Silver is the name given to the metal used in some jewelry available online, such as on eBay or via Amazon. These items typically ship from China. Have you ever wondered how much silver is in Tibetan Silver or about the chemical composition of Tibetan Silver? Would you be surprised to learn that this metal can be dangerous? Tibetan Silver is a silver-colored alloy consisting of copper with tin or nickel. Some items described as Tibetan Silver are cast iron that has been plated with the silver-colored metal. Most Tibetan Silver is copper with tin rather than copper with nickel because nickel causes skin reactions in many people. Health Hazards Ironically, the metal often contains other elements that are much more toxic than nickel. It is inadvisable for pregnant women or children to wear items made with Tibetan Silver because some of the items contain high levels of dangerous metals, including lead and arsenic. eBay issued a buyer warning so that bidders would be aware of the metallurgical testing conducted on Tibetan Silver items and the possible toxicity of these items. In six of seven items that were analyzed using x-ray fluorescence, the primary metals in the Tibetan Silver were actually nickel, copper, and zinc. One item contained 1.3% arsenic and extremely high lead content of 54%. A separate sampling of items revealed comparable compositions, with trace amounts of chromium, aluminum, tin, gold, and lead, although in that study, all of the samples contained acceptable levels of lead. Note that not all items contain toxic levels of heavy metals. The warning for pregnant women and children is intended to prevent accidental poisonings. Other Names Sometimes comparable metallurgical compositions have been called Nepalese silver, white metal, pewter, lead-free pewter, base metal, or simply tin alloy. In the past, there was an alloy called Tibetan Silver that actually did contain the element silver. Some vintage Tibetan silver is sterling silver, which is 92.5% silver. The remaining percent could be any combination of other metals, although usually, it is copper or tin.

China's Economic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

China's Economic Analysis - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that the total fertility rate of the Chinese women, which account for the average number of children a woman in her child-bearing age can expect to have during her lifetime has also gone down to a figure of 1.4, lower than that which has been recorded for the past years Since the introduction of the one-child policy, which was designed to reduce the birth rate in China, the statistics on the birth rates have gone tremendously to lower heights. This slower growth rate in China has been matched by the aging of the population. People above the age of 60 have been on the rise and represent a significant proportion of the population. The effect of this economy is that if the trend goes on, then an increasing dependency on the young working population by the elderly will be experienced. The government too would be affected in the sense that it would have to increase its pension funding and the health care systems for the elderly. Gender disparity though poses a futur e huge challenge for China. According to its 2010 census, the male population was recorded at 51.27% of its 1.34 billion population. The females, on the other hand, accounted for a 48.73% of the total population. At present, the number of boys in China is more than that of girls by a figure recorded at 9 million. As much China remains the most populated country in the world, there exist major variations in the population densities in its different regions. The northern and the western regions only have a few million people while the eastern area has close to 1.3 billion people. The majority of the citizens live in the eastern areas in the major cities and it is concentrated towards the eastern parts of the mountains and south of the northern steppe. China has had a rise in its economic growth in the reform period and this too has led to the rise in the per capita income. Over the past decades, China as a country has exhibited dramatic economic growth which has also been accompanied by a sharp increase in income inequality. Its GDP per capita increased from 311 yuan, in 1974 within the pre-reform period to 1644 yuan in 1990 and later to 12,336 yuan in 2004 as reported by the National Bureau of Statistics. During the years 2001 to 2003, the Chinese economy was reported by the World Bank to have increased by 10% in every year through the real income of the 10% poorest people decreased, by the same report, by 2.4%.

Annotated bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Annotated bibliography - Research Paper Example This implies that TORAP can be used to put together suitable counteractive steps to avoid or regulate accidents. The authors added that â€Å"TORAP enables accident simulation and damage potential estimation of petroleum and petrochemical industries† (262). Thus, the most important feature of TORAP that can help reduce the risks of petrochemical companies is its ability to forecast possible accidents. Being able to determine the probability of accidents is a huge leap for risk analysis at petrochemical companies. The authors further promoted TORAP by declaring that it â€Å"incorporates a larger number of models to handle a larger variety of situations specific to petroleum refineries and petrochemical industries† (260). The complexity of the entire structure of the petrochemical industry will hence be captured and clearly explained by TORAP, reducing the difficulty of developing appropriate safety regulations and risk management strategies. The unique contribution of t his book to the present study is its thorough discussion of risk analysis through the application of computer-automated tools. The authors of Accident precursor analysis and management: reducing technological risk through diligence agree that predicting probable accidents is the best way to prevent or minimize the impacts of accidents in petrochemical companies. On the contrary, the author of Inherently Safer Technology: The Cure for Chemical Plants Which Are Dangerous by Design argues that predicting probable accidents is just one of the many steps to avoid them, and that the real solution rests in the adoption of safer technology. Alson, Gregory. How safe is safe enough?: leadership, safety, and risk management. London: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003. The author mainly argues that even though many people think that all accidents are preventable, accidents will still happen. The imperfect human attribute and the intricacies of industrial operations attest to the fact that attaining ‘zero’ accidents is not likely. Hence, the author argues that leaders should make every effort to develop the most beneficial and efficient safety measures. As stated by the author, â€Å"such unthinkable accidents can indeed happen, sounding a siren for safety to reduce loss of resources and enhance social responsibility† (19). The value of competent leaders in any organization, especially those which are prone to accidents, is largely manifested in the management of physical resources and human capital. Thus the author suggests, â€Å"an organization can incorporate system safety into a system’s life cycle, bringing with it management’s commitment toward safety† (20). This solution is sound for it has the capacity to create a permanent safe environment for petrochemical companies. This method can significantly lessen the risks associated with petrochemical operations. The author believes that â€Å"while many organizations worry about los t workdays due to unnecessary injuries, in some cases an accident can cause indescribable disaster and grief† (17). It is very crucial that petrochemical accidents are prevented because of the widespread and severe effects of these accidents on the local population, the

Current Situation Essay Example for Free

Current Situation Essay Tien Tzuo was the chief strategy officer at Salesforce.com and K.V. Rao was head of strategic marketing and business development at WebEx. Both Tien Tzuo and K.V. Rao worked on building their respective billing solutions that was a big barrier to many SaaS companies. Once realized that this is a huge unaddressed problem for SaaS companies, they saw this an opportunity to exploit this new e-commerce niche in the SaaS Industry, thus creating Zuora. Cheng Zhou, the head of Bliss joined them and they were able to obtain . 5 million start-up investment from Benchmark, a venture capital company, and Benioff, Tien Tzuo’s former boss, the founder of Salesforce.com Analysis of Zuora Inc as a business Tien Tzuo and K.V. Rao founded Zuora to address the need for billing efficiency. They are aware that there’s an increase in products being offered as a subscription service (i.e. Netflix offering a monthly subscription for a library of shows and movies, Zipcar offering a pay as-you-go utility that eliminates the need to buy cars etc). Their vision is to provide an e-commerce platform that provides a low-cost, state-of-the-art and highly efficient billing systems. Before the launch of their billing module, they tested their program to 5 alpha customers. Their feedback caused Zuora to create a payment module that handles payments, and signed a partnership contract with PayPal. With their launch in October 2008, their Z-billing product sold to over 70 customers. In January 2010, Zuora released another product, Z-commerce, a billing platform aimed towards cloud developers What is wrong? Zuora currently faces the following threats: †¢The rise of Cloud Computing †¢Offline Subscription of Zuora’s current services offered by their competitors such as ATT or Zipcar †¢Given the constant change in the market dynamics of the technology industry, Zuora must be able to ‘quick think’ of opportunities in order to strengthen its current position as a major player in the SaaS Industry What is the impact? †¢The rise of Cloud Computing oZuora shouldn’t be thinking of Cloud Computing as a threat just because the IT industry had not yet clearly defined what role cloud computing will play. oCloud Computing is very advantageous to Zuora because all cloud services needed a billing and payment solutions and Zuora, with its state-of-the-art, highly efficient and low-cost billing platform, can differentiate itself with the rest in the Saas Industry by combining its platform with cloud computing †¢Offline Subscription offered by ATT or Zipcar oWith the offline subscription offered by ATT or Zipcar, they still present a disadvantage because pricing for services was more complicated than pricing for products especially when time dimension was introduced. Thus, with offline subscription of billing and payment, introducing a new pricing for subscription systems could take as long as 6 to 12 months and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars †¢The constant change in the market dynamics of technology industry

Perl Harbor :: essays papers

Perl Harbor In 1941, one of the largest American military defeats occurred. An entire naval fleet was destroyed, hundreds were killed, all before 09.00 on a Sunday. The US did not have any knowledge of this attack, partially because of ignorance, partially because of the military strategies of their Japanese opponents. The Japanese attack on the US naval base of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was a classic case of "It will not happen to me!" Although the US suspected Japanese actions, they did not take a defensive stance as they believed an attack would never touch their soil. Through an examination of military history, tactics and eye witness descriptions, it will be proven that the US had no knowledge of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. In the years before 1941, the war saw little American military action. After the collapse of France, American President Roosevelt promised his county that no American troops would be sent to Europe to aid in the battle against Hitler and his powerful army. These promises caused Roosevelt to be criticized by his closest advisors for his indecisiveness about declaring war . The President's defense to these accusations was he did not want to out step public opinion. As well, he believed American intervention would cause a 'mortal blow' to the Allies cause. In reality, the advisors, as well as Roosevelt, knew that Britain could not win the war without American armed intervention. Two oceans to the East, Japan was deep into a war or her own. Japanese forces were concentrated on the Chinese front to conquer and obtain. As a result of her unpopular declaration of war on China, Japan's fuel supply from the US was eliminated. Consequently, the Japanese turned to Indonesia to continue the supply of fuel for her war efforts. Fuel talks broke down as the Dutch, who were in control of the Indonesian fuel supply and, under heavy influence from the US, would not supply Japan with fuel. Desperately needing fuel to continue the war, Japan first thought of attacking Indonesia, but feared US intervention. After some thought, Japanese leaders decided that an attack directly on the US would be more appropriate to bring the US to the fuel supplies negotiating table . The first acknowledgment that Japan was a war threat came on November 27, 1941 when Washington ordered a 'War Warning'. The US feared a Japanese attack, not on America, but on the Philippines. American military leaders took little or no precautions upon the issue of warning.